Demographic and behavioral comparisons of suburban and rural American Crows

American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) have become common suburban and urban birds in the last 50 years, using these environments for roosting and breeding. I studied crows in upstate New York from 1989 to 1999, and compared reproductive success, survival, and social behavior of crows in suburban and rural areas. Although both suburban and rural crows maintained permanent territories, suburban American Crows had smaller territories and nested at higher densities. Both suburban and rural crows periodically left their territories in fall and winter to join foraging aggregations and to roost at night. The proportion of nests attended by auxiliaries did not differ, but suburban nests were attended by larger families. Overall nest success was higher in suburban areas. Success rates during the egg stage of the nest cycle did not differ between habitat, but suburban nests had higher success during the nestling stage of the nest cycle. Survival of crows post fledging was better in suburban areas, but after one year annual survival rates did not differ between the habitats. Birds raised in one habitat tended to breed in the same habitat. Although clutch sizes and egg hatchability did not differ between the habitats, rural nests produced nearly one more young per successful nest and significantly larger young than suburban crows, suggesting that food resources were better in rural areas. Data from a drought year, a time of apparent food shortage, suggested that suburban food resources also were less dependable than those in rural areas. The increase in American Crows over the last 25 years in eastern North America may be due in part to the successful exploitation of suburban nesting habitats.